Respiratory System

1	Respiratory System Structure	6.4.U4: Air is carried to the lungs in the trachea and bronchi and then to the alveoli in bronchioles (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 314). Outline the flow of air into the lungs. State the role of cartilage in the trachea and bronchi. State the role of smooth muscle fibres in the bronchioles. D.6.S2: Identification of pneumocytes, capillary endothelial cells and blood cells in light micrographs and electron micrographs of lung tissue (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 705). Label the following structures on a micrograph of lung tissue: type 1 pneumocyte, type 2 pneumocyte, capillary endothelium, basement membrane and blood cells.	The Body Bill Bryson chapter 13 Respiratory system model Respiratory system notes presentation Lung surgery video clip CFU: respiratory structures A&B: 20 pound tumor A&B: cleaner air, bigger lungs A&B: What happens in your throat when you beatbox? A&B: The vital crosstalk between breath and brain
2	Alveoli Structure and Function	6.4.U2: Type I pneumocytes are extremely thin alveolar cells that are adapted to carry out gas exchange (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 313). Describe how the structure of the alveoli increases surface area for gas exchange. Outline the structure of type I pneumocytes. 6.4.U3: Type II pneumocytes secrete a solution containing surfactant that creates a moist surface inside the alveoli to prevent the sides of the alveolus adhering to each other by reducing surface tension (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 313). Outline the structure and function of type II pneumocytes. Describe two functions of the fluid secreted by type II pneumocytes	Alveoli notes Alveoli model Another alveoli model
3	Ventilation	6.4.U1: Ventilation maintains concentration gradients of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air and alveoli and blood flowing in adjacent capillaries (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 311). Define gas exchange and ventilation. State the location of gas exchange in humans. Outline the mechanism of gas exchange in humans. Draw a diagram showing the structure of an alveolus and an adjacent capillary. 6.4.U5: Muscle contraction cause the pressure changes inside the thorax that force air in and out of the lungs to ventilate them (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 314). State the relationship between gas pressure and volume. Outline the pressure and volume changes that occur during inspiration and expiration. 6.4.U6: Different muscles are required for inspiration and expiration because muscles only do work when they contract (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 315). Explain the contraction and relaxation of muscles through the use of antagonistic muscle pairs. 6.4.A1: External and internal intercostal muscles, and diaphragm and abdominal muscles as examples of antagonistic muscle action (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 315). Outline the direction of movement of the diaphragm and ribcage during inspiration and expiration. Describe the antagonistic muscle contraction and relaxation required to move the ribcage and diaphragm during inhalation and expiration.	Respiration vs gas exchange vs ventilation handwritten notes Ventilation handwritten notes Ventilation notes presentations Ventilation cards to group and sequence CFU: ventilation Airflow in mammals video clip TEDed How Breathing Works Engineer a lung lab A&B: Breath holding A&B: Why do we get hiccups? Breathin - Ariana Grande SCIENCE Acapella \| SCIENCE SONGS Lung capacity lab Another lung capacity lab Spirometry lab
4	Effect of Exercise	D.6.U6: The rate of ventilation is controlled by the respiratory control center in the medulla oblongata (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 702). List the neural structures that control the rate of ventilation. Outline the feedback loop that regulates the rate of ventilation, including the role of stretch receptors. D.6.U7: During exercise the rate of ventilation changes in response to the amount of CO2 in the blood (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 701). State the effect of exercise on CO2 production. Outline the relationship between CO2 production and blood pH. Explain how and why hyperventilation occurs in response to exercise. D.6.U5: Chemoreceptors are sensitive to changes in blood pH (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 702). Outline the location and role of chemoreceptors that help regulate the ventilation rate. D.6.A2: pH of blood is regulated to stay within the narrow range of 7.35 to 7.45 (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 702). State the range of normal human blood pH. Describe the relationship between carbon dioxide concentration and blood pH. Outline physiological responses that maintain blood pH. 6.4.S1: Monitoring of ventilation in humans at rest and after mild and vigorous exercise (Practical 6) (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 312). Identify the manipulated and responding variables in a test of the effect of exercise on ventilation. Outline techniques for measuring ventilation rate or lung tidal volume.	Methods for measuring ventilation notes Measuring ventilation lab slides Measuring ventilation data collection form Effect of exercise handwritten notes Maintenance of blood pH handwritten notes BTB Breaths and Exercise lab data CFU Blood pH and exercise A&B: Radiolab Breath (2:25 - 11:30)
5	Emphysema	6.4.A3 and D.6.A3: Causes and consequences of emphysema (Oxford Biology Course Companion page 317 and 704). Outline the causes of emphysema. State the symptoms of emphysema. Outline reasons why gas exchange and ventilation are less effective in people with emphysema. List treatment options for people with emphysema.	Respiratory diagnosis case study Emphysema slides Effect of smoking marijuana Reading: gasping for air (questions)
6	Wrap Up and Review		Final knowledge audit Review slides 1-pager Kahoot review